What are the four principles of object-oriented programming?

The four principles of object-oriented programming are encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.

Encapsulation refers to the bundling of data and methods that operate on that data within a single unit, usually a class. This principle helps in restricting direct access to some of an object's components, which is a means of preventing accidental interference and misuse of the methods and data. Inheritance allows a new class to inherit properties and methods from an existing class, enabling the reuse of code and fostering a hierarchical relationship between classes. Polymorphism enables objects of different types to be treated as objects of a common super type, particularly allowing methods to be implemented in multiple forms, which enhances flexibility and interoperability in programming. Lastly, abstraction involves simplifying complex reality by modeling classes based on the essential properties and behaviors an object should have, while hiding unnecessary details from the user.

The other options focus on different aspects of computing and software development but do not align with the core tenets of object-oriented programming. Data storage, retrieval, processing, and presentation pertain more to data management and databases. Input, processing, output, and feedback outline a general model of system design and interaction rather than programming paradigms. Functionality, design, testing, and maintenance are associated with