What does the term 'network protocol' refer to?

The term 'network protocol' refers to a set of rules and conventions that govern how data is transmitted and received across a network between different devices. Network protocols are essential because they ensure that devices from different manufacturers can communicate effectively, facilitating interoperability and standardization in data transmission.

Protocols define aspects such as the format of messages, how devices identify and communicate with each other, and the procedures for error handling and data integrity. Examples of widely used network protocols include HTTP (for web traffic), FTP (for file transfers), and TCP/IP (the foundational protocol for internet communication).

By establishing a common framework, network protocols allow devices to understand each other, manage the flow of information, and establish connections in a consistent manner, which is crucial for the proper function of any network.