What is the main purpose of a hash table?

The main purpose of a hash table is to map keys to values for fast data retrieval. This data structure uses a hashing function to convert keys into unique indices in an array, allowing for quick access to the corresponding values. When a key is provided, the hash function computes its index, and the value associated with that key can be efficiently retrieved in constant average time complexity, O(1). This characteristic makes hash tables highly effective for scenarios where rapid lookups are necessary, such as in databases and caching mechanisms.

Other options, such as storing data in a sequential format or creating sorting mechanisms, do not align with the primary function of a hash table. Additionally, while compression of datasets is a relevant concept in data storage and efficiency, it is not the main purpose of a hash table. The design and application of hash tables are focused on optimizing the process of mapping and retrieving data, which is what distinguishes their use in computer science.